Different reasons justify this renewed interest. This renewed interest is evident from the effort in research on SIBs, which has been reviewed in for anodes and for cathode materials. Nevertheless, an important renewed interest in SIBs has been observed in the recent years. Other advantages of LIBs include longer cycle life, lower reactivity, less moisture/nitrogen sensitivity. The combined effect of heavier cation weight and lower cell voltage inevitably implies that SIBs have a smaller energy density than LIBs. SHE), which results in lower cell voltages for sodium materials. SHE) less electroactive than that of Li (−3.04 V vs. Moreover, Na has an electrode standard potential (−2.71 V vs. This can be understood if we note that Na + is heavier than Li + (23 g mol −1 against 6.9 g mol −1). Owing to the higher energy densities obtained with LIBs, the efforts of research have soon been more focused on them, even though the research on SIBs has continued. Actually, material components are very similar in both cases, as the material components used as intercalation compounds can be obtained by substitution of Li and Na, like LiCoO 2 and NaCoO 2, or other Li MO 2 and Na MO 2 with M a transition metal ion. In the 1980s, however, the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) looked more promising. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been studied as early as the 1970s. Attention is focused on the progress made in the last five years to report the state-of-the-art in the performance of the SIBs and justify the efforts of research. The electrode structuring is also discussed, as it impacts, importantly, the electrochemical performance. For cathodes, layered oxide materials, polyionic compounds, sulfates, pyrophosphates and Prussian blue analogs are reviewed. For anodes, they include carbons, metal chalcogenide-based materials, intercalation-based and conversion reaction compounds (transition metal oxides and sulfides), intermetallic compounds serving as functional alloying elements. The present review is then devoted to the electrode materials. We have already recently reviewed the salts and electrolytes, including solid electrolytes to build all-solid-state SIBs. This progress concerns all the elements of the batteries. This huge effort in research has led and is leading to an important and constant progress in the performance of the SIBs, which have conquered an industrial market and are now commercialized. Since then, the witness a re-emergence of the SIBs and renewed interest evidenced by an exponential increase of the publications devoted to them (about 9000 publications in 2019, more than 6000 in the first six months this year). However, they have been overshadowed for decades, due to the success of lithium-ion batteries that demonstrated higher energy densities and longer cycle lives. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) were investigated as recently as in the seventies.
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